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Table of Contents
January-March 2016
Volume 12 | Issue 45
Page Nos. 1-90
Online since Wednesday, February 10, 2016
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
A new biphenyl neolignan from leaves of
Patrinia villosa
(Thunb.) Juss.
p. 1
Yan Xin-Jia, Liu Wei, Zhao Ying, Chen Ning, Xu Ying, Wu Jian, Wang Tan, Li Yue, Xiang Zheng
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.175988
PMID
:27019553
Results:
One new stereoisomer of biphenylneolignan with four known compounds was isolated from the leaves of Patrinia villosa Juss.
Methods:
The structure of the new compound was elucidated as 2,6,2',6'-tetramethoxy-4,4'-bis (1,2-trans-2,3-epoxy-1-hydroxypropyl) biphenyl (1) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. The four known compounds were identified as 2,6,2',6'-tetramethoxy-4,4'-bis(1,2-cis-2,3-epoxy-1-hydroxypropyl)biphenyl (2), 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (3), luteolin (4) and quercetin(5) by comparison of their spectral data with the reported data, respectively.
Conclusions:
Compound 1 is a new biphenylneolignan, compound 2 and 3 were isolated for the first time from the plant.
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An efficient high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method to elaborate the changes of components between the raw and processed radix
Aconitum kusnezoffii
p. 4
Beibei Wang, Jiaojiao Ji, Shuang Zhao, Jie Dong, Peng Tan, Shengsang Na, Yonggang Liu
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.175989
PMID
:27019554
Background:
Crude radix
Aconitum kusnezoffii
(RAK) has great toxicity. Traditional Chinese medicine practice proved that processing may decrease its toxicity. In our previous study, we had established a new method of RAK processing (Paozhi). However, the mechanism is yet not perfect.
Objective:
To explore the related mechanism of processing through comparing the chemical contents.
Materials and
Methods:
A new processing method of RAK named stoving (Hong Zhi) was used. In particular, RAK was stored at 110°C for 8 h, and then high performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS
n
) was developed for the detection of the alkaloids of the crude and processed RAK decoction pieces.
Results:
Thirty components of the crude RAK were discovered, among which, 23 alkaloids were identified. Meanwhile, 23 ingredients were detected in the processed RAK decoction pieces, among which, 20 alkaloids were determined yet. By comparison, eight alkaloids were found in both crude and processed RAK decoction pieces, 15 alkaloids were not found in the crude RAK, however, 10 new constituents yield after processing, which are 10-OH-hypaconine, 10-OH-mesaconine, isomer of bullatine A, 14-benzoyl-10-OH-mesaconine, 14-benzoyl-10-OH-aconine, 14-benzoyl-10-OH-hypaconine, dehydrated aconitine, 14-benzoylaconine, chuanfumine, dehydrated mesaconitine.
Conclusion:
The present study showed that significant change of alkaloids was detected in RAK before and after processing. Among them, the highly toxic diester alkaloids decreased and the less toxic monoester alkaloids increased. Moreover, the concentration changes significantly. HPLC-ESI-MS
n
are Efficient to elaborate the mechanism of reduction of toxicity and enhancement efficacy after processing.
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Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from
Myrcia amazonica
DC. (
Myrtaceae
) leaves
p. 9
Mariana Cristina de Morais Rodrigues, Leonardo Luiz Borges, Frederico Severino Martins, Rosa Helena V Mourão, Edemilson Cardoso da Conceição
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.175997
PMID
:27019555
Background:
Myrcia amazonica
. DC is a species predominantly found in northern Brazil, and belongs to the
Myrtaceae
family, which possess various species used in folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders, infectious diseases, and hemorrhagic conditions and are known for their essential oil contents.
Materials and Methods:
This study aimed applied the Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction of total polyphenols, total tannins (TT), and total flavonoids (TF) from
M. amazonica
DC.
Results:
The results indicated that the best conditions to obtain highest yields of TT were in lower levels of alcohol degree (65%), time (15 min), and also solid: Liquid ratio (solid to liquid ratio; 20 mg: 5 mL). The TF could be extracted with high amounts with higher extraction times (45 min), lower values of solid: Liquid ratio (20 mg: mL), and intermediate alcohol degree level.
Conclusion:
The exploitation of the natural plant resources present very important impact for the economic development, and also the valorization of great Brazilian biodiversity. The knowledge obtained from this work should be useful to further exploit and apply this raw material.
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Determination of ruscogenin in ophiopogonis radix by high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector coupled with hierarchical clustering analysis
p. 13
Chun-Hua Liu, Ming Li, Ya-Qian Feng, Yuan-Jia Hu, Bo-Yang Yu, Jin Qi
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.176008
PMID
:27019556
Background:
Ophiopogonis Radix is a famous traditional Chinese medicine. It is necessary to establish a suitable quality control methods of Ophiopogonis Radix.
Objective:
To investigate the quality control methods of Ophiopogonis Radix by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD).
Materials and Methods:
A rapid and simple method, HPLC coupled with ELSD, was applied to determinate ruscogenin in 35 batches of Ophiopogenis Radix samples. Orthogonal tests and single factor explorations were used to optimize the extraction condition of ruscogenin. The content of ruscogenin in different origin was further analyzed by hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA).
Results:
The ruscogenin was successfully determined by HPLC-ELSD with a two-phase solvent system composed of methanol-water (88:12) at a flow rate 1.0 ml/min, column temperature maintained at 25°C, detector draft tube temperature at 42.2°C, nebulizer gas flow rate at 1.4 L/min, and the gain at 8. The result showed the good linearity of ruscogenin in the range of 40.20-804.00 μg/ml (
R
2
= 0.9996). Average of recovery was 101.3% (relative standard deviation = 1.59%). A significant difference of ruscogenin content was shown among 35 batches of Ophiopogenis Radix from different origin, varied from 0.0035% to 0.0240%. HCA based on the content of ruscogenin indicated that Ophiopogonis Radix in different origin was mainly divided into two clusters.
Conclusion:
This simple, rapid, low-cost, and reliable HPLC-ELSD method could be suitable for measurement of ruscogenin content rations and quality control of Ophiopogonis Radix.
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Comparative pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rg
3
and ginsenoside Rh
2
after oral administration of ginsenoside Rg
3
in normal and walker 256 tumor-bearing rats
p. 21
He Fan, Sun Xiao-ling, Su Yaliu, Lu Ming-ming, Feng Xue, Meng Xian-sheng, Fu Li
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.176014
PMID
:27019557
Background:
Ginseng is Chinese traditional herbal medicine, and the ginsenoside Rg
3
is the main bioactive ingredient for the anti-tumor effect. However, there is no study on pharmacokinetics (PKs) of ginsenoside Rg
3
and its main metabolite after oral ginsenoside Rg
3
in tumor-bearing plasma. The aim of this study was to investigate the PK profiles of ginsenoside Rg
3
and ginsenoside Rh
2
after oral administration of pure ginsenoside Rg
3
were administered, and compare the difference of the PK profiles between normal and Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats.
Materials and Methods:
The concentrations of two ginsenosides in plasma were determined by using a simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography. All the rats were divided randomly into two groups (Walker 256 tumor-bearing and normal groups). Each group received oral administration of 50 mg/kg ginsenoside Rg
3
.
Results:
The results showed that ginsenoside Rh
2,
possibly as a glycosylation hydrolysis product of ginsenoside Rg
3
, were found in plasma after oral administration of ginsenoside Rg
3
to rats. Ginsenoside Rg
3
had shown better absorption than ginsenoside Rh
2
, whether the oral administration of ginsenoside Rg
3
, normal rats showed better absorption than tumor-bearing rats.
Discussion and Conclusion:
The PKs properties of the ginsenoside Rg
3
and ginsenoside Rh
2
differed between tumor-bearing rats and normal rats, including area under the plasma level/time curve and concentration maximum (
P
< 0.05).
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Luffa echinata
Roxb. induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cell (SW-480) in the caspase-dependent manner and through a mitochondrial apoptosis pathway
p. 25
Li-Hua Shang, Yan Yu, De-Hai Che, Bo Pan, Shi Jin, Xiao-Long Zou
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.176017
PMID
:27019558
Background:
Luffa
echinata
Roxb. (LER) (Cucurbitaceae) showed tremendous medicinal importance and are being used for the treatment of different ailments.
Objective:
In this study, the antiproliferative properties and cell death mechanism induced by the extract of the fruits of LER were investigated. Materials and Methods: MTT and LDH assay were used to test the antiproliferative and cytotoxicity of LER extract, respectively. The intracellular ROS were measured by a fluorometric assay. The expression of several apoptotic-related proteins in SW-480 cells treated by LER was evaluated by Western blot analysis.
Results:
The methanolic extract of LER fruits inhibited the proliferation of human colon cancer cells (SW-480) in both dose- and time-dependent manners. The LER-treated cells showed obvious characteristics of cell apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, destruction of the monolayer, and condensed chromatin. In addition, treatments of various concentrations of LER extracts caused the release of lactate dehydrogenase as a dose-dependent manner via stimulation of the intracellular metabolic system. LER induced apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and cellular ROS accumulation in SW-480 cells. Treatment of LER on SW-480 cells promoted the expression of caspases, Bax, Bad, and p53 proteins and decreased the levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL.
Conclusions:
These results indicated that treatment with LER-induced cell death in mitochondrial apoptosis pathway by regulating pro-apoptotic proteins via the up regulation of the p53 protein. These findings highlight the potentials of LER in the treatment of human colon cancer.
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Nuclear factor kappa B activation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor transactivational effects of chemical components of the roots of
Polygonum multiflorum
p. 31
Ya Nan Sun, Wei Li, Seok Bean Song, Xi Tao Yan, Seo Young Yang, Young Ho Kim
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.176019
PMID
:27019559
Background:
Polygonum multiflorum
is well-known as "Heshouwu" in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. In Northeast Asia, it is often used as a tonic to prevent premature aging of the kidney and liver, tendons, and bones and strengthening of the lower back and knees.
Objective:
To research the anti-inflammatory activities of components from
P. multiflorum
.
Materials and Methods:
The compounds were isolated by a combination of silica gel and YMC R-18 column chromatography, and their structures were identified by analysis of spectroscopic data (1D, 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry). The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated compounds 1−15 were evaluated by luciferase reporter gene assays.
Results:
Fifteen compounds (1-15) were isolated from the roots of
P. multiflorum
. Compounds 1−5 and 14−15 significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α-induced nuclear factor kappa B-luciferase activity, with IC
50
values of 24.16-37.56 μM. Compounds 1−5 also greatly enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors transcriptional activity with EC
50
values of 18.26−31.45 μM.
Conclusion:
The anthraquinone derivatives were the active components from the roots of
P. multiflorum
as an inhibitor on inflammation-related factors in human hepatoma cells. Therefore, we suggest that the roots of
P. multiflorum
can be used to treat natural inflammatory diseases.
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7-hydroxycalamenene effects on secreted aspartic proteases activity and biofilm formation of
Candida
spp.
p. 36
Mariana M. B. Azevedo, Catia A Almeida, Francisco C. M. Chaves, Igor A Rodrigues, Humberto R Bizzo, Celuta S Alviano, Daniela S Alviano
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.176022
PMID
:27019560
Background:
The 7-hydroxycalamenenene-rich essential oil (EO) obtained from the leaves of
Croton cajucara
(red morphotype) have been described as active against bacteria, protozoa, and fungi species. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of 7-hydroxycalamenenene against
Candida albicans
and nonalbicans species.
Materials and Methods:
C. cajucara
EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and its major compound, 7-hydroxycalamenene, was purified using preparative column chromatography. The anti-candidal activity was investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and secreted aspartic proteases (SAP) and biofilm inhibition assays.
Results:
7-hydroxycalamenene (98% purity) displayed anti-candidal activity against all
Candida
species tested. Higher activity was observed against
Candida dubliniensis
,
Candida parapsilosis
and
Candida albicans
, showing MIC values ranging from 39.06 μg/ml to 78.12 μg/ml. The purified 7-hydroxycalamenene was able to inhibit 58% of
C. albicans
ATCC 36801 SAP activity at MIC concentration (pH 7.0). However, 7-hydroxycalamenene demonstrated poor inhibitory activity on
C. albicans
ATCC 10231 biofilm formation even at the highest concentration tested (2500 μg/ml).
Conclusion:
The bioactive potential of 7-hydroxycalamenene against planktonic
Candida
spp. further supports its use for the development of antimicrobials with anti-candidal activity.
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Chemical discrimination of cortex
Phellodendri amurensis
and cortex
Phellodendri chinensis
by multivariate analysis approach
p. 41
Hui Sun, Huiyu Wang, Aihua Zhang, Guangli Yan, Ying Han, Yuan Li, Xiuhong Wu, Xiangcai Meng, Xijun Wang
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.176023
PMID
:27018001
Background:
As herbal medicines have an important position in health care systems worldwide, their current assessment, and quality control are a major bottleneck. Cortex
Phellodendri chinensis
(CPC) and Cortex
Phellodendri amurensis
(CPA) are widely used in China, however, how to identify species of CPA and CPC has become urgent.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, multivariate analysis approach was performed to the investigation of chemical discrimination of CPA and CPC.
Results:
Principal component analysis showed that two herbs could be separated clearly. The chemical markers such as berberine, palmatine, phellodendrine, magnoflorine, obacunone, and obaculactone were identified through the orthogonal partial least squared discriminant analysis, and were identified tentatively by the accurate mass of quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A total of 29 components can be used as the chemical markers for discrimination of CPA and CPC. Of them, phellodenrine is significantly higher in CPC than that of CPA, whereas obacunone and obaculactone are significantly higher in CPA than that of CPC.
Conclusion:
The present study proves that multivariate analysis approach based chemical analysis greatly contributes to the investigation of CPA and CPC, and showed that the identified chemical markers as a whole should be used to discriminate the two herbal medicines, and simultaneously the results also provided chemical information for their quality assessment.
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Liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray mass spectrometry and principal components analyses of raw and processed moutan cortex
p. 50
Xian-Mei Deng, Jiang-Yong Yu, Meng-Jin Ding, Ming Zhao, Xing-Yang Xue, Chun-Tao Che, Shu-Mei Wang, Bin Zhao, Jiang Meng
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.176046
PMID
:27019561
Background:
Raw Moutan Cortex (RMC), derived from the root bark of
Paeonia suffruticosa
, and Processed Moutan Cortex (PMC) is obtained from RMC by undergoing a stir-frying process. Both of them are indicated for different pharmacodynamic action in traditional Chinese medicine, and they have been used in China and other Asian countries for thousands of years.
Objective:
To establish a method to study the RMC and PMC, revealing their different chemical composition by fingerprint, qualitative, and quantitative ways.
Materials and Methods:
High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESIMS) were used for the analysis. Therefore, the analytes were separated on an Ultimate TM XB-C18 analytical column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm) with a gradient elution program by a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid water solution. The flow rate, injection volume, detection wavelength, and column temperature were set at 1.0 mL/min, 10 μL, 254 nm, and 30°C, respectively. Besides, principal components analysis and the test of significance were applied in data analysis.
Results:
The results clearly showed a significant difference among RMC and PMC, indicating the significant changes in their chemical compositions before and after the stir-frying process.
Conclusion:
The HPLC-DAD-ESIMS coupled with chemometrics analysis could be used for comprehensive quality evaluation of raw and processed Moutan Cortex.
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Influence of chitosan nanoparticles as the absorption enhancers on salvianolic acid B
In vitro
and
In vivo
evaluation
p. 57
Xin Jin, Shi-bing Zhang, Shi-meng Li, Ke Liang, Zeng-yong Jia
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.176047
PMID
:27019562
Background:
Salvianolic acid B (SalB) represents the most abundant and bio-active phenolic constituent among the water-soluble compounds of
Salvia miltiorrhiza
. But the therapeutic potential of SalB has been significantly restricted by its poor absorption.
Methods:
In this study, chitosans (CS) and CS nanoparticles (NPs) with different molecular weights (MWs), which have influence on the absorption of SalB, was also investigated.
Results:
As a preliminary study, water-soluble CS with various MWs (3, 30, 50, and 100 kDa) was chosen. We investigated the MW-dependent Caco-2 cell layer transport phenomena
in vitro
of CS and NPs at concentrations (4 μg/ml, w/v). SalB, in presence CS or NPs has no significant toxic effect on Caco-2 cell. As the MW increases, the absorption enhancing effect of CS increases. However, as the MW decreases, the absorption enhancing effect of NPs increases. The AUC
0-∞
of the SalB-100 kDa CS was 4.25 times greater than that of free SalB. And the AUC
0-∞
of the SalB-3 kDa NPs was 16.03 times greater than that of free SalB.
Conclusion:
CS and NPs with different MWs as the absorption enhancers can promote the absorption of SalB. And the effect on NPs is better than CS.
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Comparation of hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts of
Crataegus pinnatifida
fruit in high-fat emulsion-induced hyperlipidemia rats
p. 64
Feng Shao, Lifei Gu, Huijuan Chen, Ronghua Liu, Huilian Huang, Gang Ren
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.176049
PMID
:27019563
Background:
Hawthorn (
Crataegus pinnatifida
) is a Chinese medicinal plant traditionally used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Recently, studies indicated free radical scavenging was one of the major pathways to alleviate hyperlipidemia. Moreover, hawthorn fruit is a rich source of phenols, which quench free radical and attenuate hyperlipidemia. However, the phenols vary with processing methods, especially solvent type.
Objective:
Our aim was to compare hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts of hawthorn fruit in hyperlipidemia rats.
Materials and Methods:
After a 4-week treatment of high-fat emulsion, lipid profile levels and antioxidant levels of two extracts were determined using commercial analysis. Total phenols content in the extract of hawthorn fruit was determined colorimetrically by the Folin-Ciocalteu method.
Results:
Both ethanol and aqueous extracts of hawthorn fruit possessed hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities. Simultaneously, stronger activities were observed in ethanol extract. Besides, total phenols content in ethanol extract from the same quality of hawthorn fruit was 3.9 times more than that in aqueous extract.
Conclusion:
The obvious difference of hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects between ethanol extract and aqueous extract of hawthorn fruit was probably due to the presence of total phenols content, under the influence of extraction solvent.
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Optimization of process parameters and kinetic model of enzymatic extraction of polyphenols from
Lonicerae flos
p. 70
Fansheng Kong, Shujuan Yu, Yongguang Bi, Xiaojun Huang, Mengqian Huang
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.176055
PMID
:27018039
Objective:
To optimize and verify the cellulase extraction of polyphenols from honeysuckle and provide a reference for enzymatic extracting polyphenols from honeysuckle.
Materials and Methods:
The uniform design was used According to Fick's first law and kinetic model, fitting analysis of the dynamic process of enzymatic extracting polyphenols was conducted.
Results:
The optimum enzymatic extraction parameters for polyphenols from honeysuckle are found to be 80% (v/v) of alcohol, 35:1 (mL/g) of liquid-solid ratio, 80°C of extraction temperature, 8.5 of pH, 6.0 mg of enzyme levels, and 130 min of extraction time. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction rate of polyphenols was 3.03%. The kinetic experiments indicated kinetic equation
C
∞
/
C
∞
−
C
0
had a good linear relationship with t even under the conditions of different levels of enzyme and temperature, which means fitting curve tallies well with the experimental values.
Conclusion:
The results of quantification showed that the results provide a reference for enzymatic extracting polyphenols from honeysuckle.
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Theanine and Caffeine content of infusions prepared from commercial tea samples
p. 75
Klára Boros, Nikoletta Jedlinszki, Dezső Csupor
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.176061
PMID
:27019564
Background:
Caffeine and L-theanine are pharmacologically important constituents of tea, especially due to their effects on the central nervous system. The effects of these two compounds are opposite: While caffeine is a well-known stimulant, theanine has a relaxing effect. Tea processing may influence the caffeine and theanine content of tea leaves.
Objective:
The aim of our work was to quantify these constituents from a set of commercial products to reveal the possible correlations of caffeine and theanine content and processing methods.
Materials and Methods:
Theanine and caffeine contents of 37 commercial white, green, oolong, black, and pu-erh tea samples were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector.
Results:
The mean L-theanine content of white, green, oolong, and black teas were 6.26, 6.56, 6.09, and 5.13 mg/g, respectively. The same values for caffeine content were 16.79, 16.28, 19.31, and 17.73 mg/g.
Conclusion:
Though the effect of processing on theanine content was evident, quantification for these analytes does not seem to be a good criterion to discriminate the different types of tea. Caffeine content provided no information on the effect of processing, and the theanine content of the samples was rather variable, independently from the type of the tea. The quantitative analysis of caffeine and theanine is essential to assess the stimulating effect of the tea, however, for chemical profiling further secondary metabolites have to be determined.
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Determination and pharmacokinetic comparisons of atractylodin after oral administration of crude and processed
Atractylodis rhizoma
p. 80
Chang Xiao-Wen, Xu Chen-Xi, Liu Yu-Qiang, Qian Cai
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.176062
PMID
:27019565
Background:
In traditional Chinese medicine,
Atractylodis rhizoma
is the dried rhizome of
Atractylodes
lancea
(Thunb.) DC. or
Atractylodes
chinensis
(DC.) Koidz. After being processed, the dryness of
A.
rhizoma
decreased, and the function of tonifying spleen increased. Therefore, the processed
A.
rhizoma
is the best choice of clinical application. As the main active components, polyethylene alkynes exhibits various desirable pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-arrhythmia activity. However, there is no report on the pharmacokinetic comparisons of atractylodin, one of polyethylene alkynes, in bio-samples after oral administration of crude and processed
A.
rhizoma
until now. The
in vivo
study of active components of
A.
rhizoma
would be necessary and helpful for clinical application and clarification of processing principle.
Objective:
To compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of atractylodin after oral administration of crude and processed
A.
rhizoma
, and clarify the processing principle of
A.
rhizoma
.
Materials and Methods:
Plasma concentrations of atractylodin in rats were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatogram and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated with Drug and Statistics 2.0 Software Package (Chinese Pharmacological Society, Shanghai, China).
Results:
The AUC
0−t
, AUC
0→∞
, T
max
, and C
max
of processed
A.
rhizoma
were increased significantly (
P
< 0.05) compared with that in crude
A.
rhizoma
after using Student's
t
-test.
Conclusions:
Processing
A.
rhizoma
with wheat bran by stir-frying can promote and accelerate the absorption of atractylodin.
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H
2
O
2
improves quality of
Radix scutellariae
through anti-oxidant effect
p. 84
Song Qi, Cao Wu-lin, Jiang Hua, Zhang Ai-hua, Meng Xiang-cai
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.176063
PMID
:27019566
Introduction:
The correlation between the quality and geographical origin of herbal medicine was traced back to Tang Dynasty in China, more than 1200 years, and the effects of ecological environments on the secondary metabolites such as flavonoids have been confirmed. However, little is known about how the adversity impacts on the quality. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be medium between the ecological environment and the secondary metabolism.
Materials and Methods:
The fresh roots of
Scutellaria
baicalensis
Georgi were treated with 0.002 μmol/L, 0.2 μmol/L, and 20 μmol/L H
2
O
2
, respectively. A stress model was established to elucidate the change of secondary metabolism, anti-oxidant enzyme system, and enzymes relating to flavonoids.
Results:
The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase decreased. Too much H
2
O
2
, firstly, boosted transformation of flavonoids glycoside into aglucon with the most remarkable activities through UDP-glucuronate baicalein 7-O-glucuronosyltransferase (UBGAT), and β-glucuronidase (GUS), then regulated the gene expression of phenylalanine ammonialyase, GUS, and UBGAT, and increased the contents of flavones, motivated the flavonoid glycoside converting into aglucon. With this action, the flavones displaced the anti-oxidant enzymes. The higher the dosage, the more baicalein and wogonin increased, the later they took action.
Conclusion:
The plant secondary metabolites to keep ROS constant are identical to the effective materials in clinic. They are closely linked. H
2
O
2
can improve flavones, especially the aglucon, and further increased the quality of herbal medicine, which possesses very important value in medical practice.
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