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Table of Contents
January-March 2012
Volume 8 | Issue 29
Page Nos. 1-82
Online since Tuesday, February 28, 2012
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EDITORIAL
2012 - Another successful new year for
Pharmacogn Mag.
p. 1
KK Mueen Ahmed
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93299
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Application of deoxyribonucleic acid barcoding in Lauraceae plants
p. 4
Zhen Liu, Shi-Lin Chen, Jing-Yuan Song, Shou-Jun Zhang, Ke-Li Chen
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93301
Background:
This study aims to determine the candidate markers that can be used as DNA barcode in the Lauraceae family.
Material and Methods:
Polymerase chain reaction amplification, sequencing efficiency, differential intra- and interspecific divergences, DNA barcoding gap, and identification efficiency were used to evaluate the four different DNA sequences of
psbA-trnH, matK, rbcL
, and ITS2. We tested the discrimination ability of
psbA-trnH
in 68 plant samples belonging to 42 species from 11 distinct genera and found that the rate of successful identification with the
psbA-trnH
was 82.4% at the species level. However, the correct identification of
matK
and
rbcL
were only 30.9% and 25.0%, respectively, using BLAST1. The PCR amplification efficiency of the ITS2 region was poor; thus, ITS2 was not included in subsequent experiments. To verify the capacity of the identification of
psbA-trnH
in more samples, 175 samples belonging to 117 species from the experimental data and from the GenBank database of the Lauraceae family were tested.
Results:
Using the BLAST1 method, the identification efficiency were 84.0% and 92.3% at the species and genus level, respectively.
Conclusion:
Therefore,
psbA-trnH
is confirmed as a useful marker for differentiating closely related species within Lauraceae.
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A new flavonol glycoside from the
Abelmoschus esculentus
Linn.
p. 12
Haibing Liao, Huixin Liu, Ke Yuan
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93303
Background:
Abelmoschus esculentus
L. belonging to the family Malvaceae is a kind of one year herbage plant, which is one of the most important vegetables widely grown in Nigeria for its tender fruits and young leaves. It's easy to be cultivated and grows well in both tropical and temperate zones, that is, it is widely planted from Africa to Asia, South European to America. A new flavonol glycoside characterized as 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-4′′-O-methyl flavonol -3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (1) has been isolated from the fruit of
A. esculentus
together with one known compound 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy flavonol -3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (2). The structure of the new compound was elucidated on the basis of its spectral data, including 2-D NMR and mass (MS) spectra. The antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated by 2 assays, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The present work deals with the isolation, identification and antioxidant activity of the two compounds.
Materials and Methods:
The compounds were isolated by Diaion HP-20, Sephedex LH-20 column chromatography methods, their structures were identified by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic analysis. The antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated by two assays, e.g., DPPH and FRAP.
Results:
Two flavonol glycosides have been isolated from the fruit of
Abelmoschus esculentus
L. for the first time, and the compound 1 was a new compound, the compound 2 was isolated from the plant for the first time.
Conclusion:
The results show that the two flavonol glycosides have strong ability for scavenging DPPH and FRAP free radical by the experiment of antioxidant activities, so
A. esculentus
may be a natural antioxidants resource.
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Phytochemical characterization of several hawthorn (
Crataegus
spp.) species sampled from the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey
p. 16
Oguzhan Çaliskan, Kazim Gündüz, Sedat Serçe, Celil Toplu, Önder Kamiloglu, Memnune Sengül, Sezai Ercisli
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93305
Background:
We evaluated the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity as well as antioxidant activity of five
Crataegus
species (A1, A2, Y1, Y2, Y4 accessions of
Crataegus aronia
var.
aronia
; B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, Y5 accessions of
C. aronia
var.
dentata
; B10 accession of
C. aronia
var.
minuta
; Y3 accession of
Crataegus orientalis
var.
orientalis
and A3 accession of
Crataegus monogyna
subsp. azarella).
Materials and Methods:
Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of fruits were determined by β-carotene bleaching and Folin-Ciocalteu assays. Antioxidant capacity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.
Results:
C. monogyna
subsp.
azarella
had the highest total phenol, antioxidant activity and antioxidant capacity of 55.2 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight (DW), 81.9% and 31.2%, respectively.
C. aronia
var.
aronia
was found to have the lowest total phenolic content (35.7 mg GAE/g DW). The antioxidant activities of fruit extracts increased in the order of
C. orientalis
var.
orientalis
<
C. aronia
var.
minuta
<
C. aronia
var.
dentata
<
C. aronia
var.
aronia
<
C. monogyna
subsp.
azarella
according to β-carotene/linoleic acid assay. In recent years,
C. aronia
var.
dentata
has gained importance as a commercial species in this region. B3 and B7 accessions had fruit weight more than 14 g, and considerable total phenol content, antioxidant activity and antioxidant capacity.
Conclusion:
This investigation shows the potential value of hawthorn fruit species as a good source of natural antioxidants and that consumption of hawthorn fruit or its products may contribute substantial amounts of antioxidants to the diet.
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Isolation and characterization of a bactericidal withanolide from
Physalis virginiana
p. 22
Kathleen A Gibson, R Neil Reese, Fathi T Halaweish, Yulin Ren
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93307
Background:
Physalis virginiana
(Virginia Groundcherry) is a member of the family Solenaceae. Several species of the
Physalis
genus have been used traditionally by American Indians as medicinal treatments.
Materials and Methods:
This study investigated the antibacterial activity of chemicals extracted from
P. virginiana
through antibacterial disc and cytotoxicity assays. Isolation and purification of an antimicrobial compound was achieved through flash chromatography and preparative HPLC. Finally, identification of chemical structure was determined from
1
H and
13
C NMR and MS.
Results:
Disc assays showed that crude ethanol extracts were effective antibacterial agents against one gram-negative and seven gram-positive bacterial strains. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that it is less toxic than gentamicin controls. Isolation of the active component showed it to be a relatively polar compound.
1
H and
13
C NMR chemical shifts together with HRMS indicated a similar structure to withanolides previously identified from
Physalis angulata
. HRMS analysis showed a molecular mass of 472.2857 which corresponds to a molecular formula C
28
H
40
O
6
.
Conclusion:
An antibacterial withanolide was isolated from
P. virginiana
using flash chromatography and HPLC separations. The chemical structure was determined by NMR and MS to be the withanolide physagulin V.
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Species identification of
Rhododendron
(Ericaceae) using the chloroplast deoxyribonucleic acid
PsbA-trnH
genetic marker
p. 29
Yimei Liu, Lehua Zhang, Zhen Liu, Kun Luo, Shilin Chen, Keli Chen
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93311
Background:
Rhododendron
is a group of famous landscape plants with high medicinal value. However, there is no simple or universal manner to discriminate the various species of this group. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) barcoding technique is a new biological tool that can accurately and objectively identify species by using short and standard DNA regions.
Objective:
To choose a suitable DNA marker to authenticate the
Rhododendron
species.
Materials and Methods:
Four candidate DNA barcodes (
rbcL
,
matK
,
psbAtrnH
, and ITS2 intergenic spacer) were tested on 68 samples of 38 species.
Results:
The
psbAtrnH
candidate barcode yielded 86.8% sequencing efficiency. The highest interspecific divergence was provided by the
psbA-trnH
intergenic spacer, based on six parameters, and the Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Although there was not a clear barcoding gap, the Wilcoxon Two sample tests indicated that the interspecific divergence of the
psbA-trnH
intergenic spacer was significantly higher than the relevant intraspecific variation. The
psbA-trnH
DNA barcode possessed the highest species identification efficiency at 100% by the BLAST1 method. The present results showed that the
psbA-trnH
intergenic spacer was the most promising one of the four markers for barcoding the
Rhododendron
species. To further evaluate the ability of the
psbA-trnH
marker, to discriminate the closely related species, the samples were expanded to 94 samples of 53 species in the genus, and the rate of successful identification was 93.6%. The
psbA-trnH
region would be useful even for unidentified samples, as it could significantly narrow their possible taxa to a small area.
Conclusion:
The
psbA-trnH
intergenic region is a valuable DNA marker for identifying the Rhododendron species.
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Comparative study of rosmarinic acid content in some plants of Labiatae family
p. 37
Maryam Shekarchi, Homa Hajimehdipoor, Soodabeh Saeidnia, Ahmad Reza Gohari, Morteza Pirali Hamedani
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93316
Background:
Plants of Labiatae are used in traditional medicine and phytotherapy. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic compound which is found in many genus of Labiatae and exhibits important biological activities.
Materials and Methods:
In this investigation, RA contents of 29 species of Labiatae named
Salvia officinalis, Salvia limbata, Salvia virgata, Salvia hypoleuca, Salvia macrosiphon, Salvia choloroleuca, Melissa officinalis, Origanum vulgare, Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus daenensis, Thymus citriodorous, Thymus pubescens, Thymus vulgaris, Zataria multiflora, Mentha piperita, Mentha pulegium, Mentha longifolia, Mentha spicata, Mentha aquatica, Mentha crispa, Perovskia artemisoides, Zhumeria majdae, Satureja hortensis, Satureja khuzistanica, Satureja bachtiarica, Satureja atropatana, Satureja mutica
and
Satureja macrantha
were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatographic method.
Results:
The results showed that RA content in different species of Labiatae was 0.0-58.5 mg g
-1
of dried plants. The highest amount of RA was found in
Mentha
species especially
M. spicata.
Conclusion:
M. spicata
can be considered as a new source of rosmarinic acid
.
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A novel high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint approach to discriminate
Phyllostachys pubescens
from China
p. 42
Jin Yong-Chun, Yin Lin, Ke Yuan
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93319
Background:
A high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint of different variants of
Phyllostachys pubescens
was developed for the source discrimination and quality control of
Phyllostachys pubescens
medicines produced in Zhejiang Province, China.
Materials and Methods:
Samples of
Phyllostachys pubescens
collected from nine cultivars in Zhejiang Province were used to establish the fingerprint. Taking the chromatographic peak (isoorientin) as the reference peak, the chromatographic column was Sunfire C
18
ODS (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 ΅m) at a column temperature of 25°C. The mobile phase was acetonitrile 0.8% acetic acid water solution (in a gradient elution mode) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detection wavelength was 330 nm.
Results:
20 common peaks were established in the chromatographic fingerprints of
Phyllostachys pubescens
. And then by comparing the UV and standard substance with those of the authentic standards and literature, eight main peaks in the fingerprints were identified. Data of nine cultivars were evaluated statistically using similarity analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) in order to establish a similarity standard of fingerprint for quality control of
Phyllostachys pubescens
, then to classify the samples. The similarity indexes were all above 0.95 between reference chromatogram and each sample's chromatogram.
Conclusion:
in this study, the methods established are reliable, and could be used to evaluate the quality and to identify the species of
Phyllostachys pubescens
in the future.
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Validated reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector method for the quantitation of Rutin, a natural immunostimulant for improving survival in aquaculture practice, in toonea sinensis folium
p. 49
Yuping Shen, Huawu Yin, Bin Chen, Guohua Xia, Huan Yang, Xiaobin Jia
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93322
Background:
Rutin is a bioflavonoid of strong immunostimulating activity from the Toonea Sinensis Folium, which has shown a significant ability to increase the survival rate of white shrimp with bacterial infection. However, no method for the quantitation of this active ingredient in the herb has been reported to date.
Materials and Methods:
A reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (RP-HPLC-DAD) method was developed to quantify Rutin in the Toonea Sinensis Folium, with the HPLC conditions optimized, followed by validation for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), repeatability, and stability. Then, the established method was used to determine the content of Rutin in two samples.
Results:
The separation was performed on a Waters XBridge Shield RP18 column (150 mm Χ 4.6 mm, 5 μm) kept at 25C, and acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% acetate acid (18:82,
v
/
v
)-composed mobile phase was constantly driven at 1.0 mL / minute during the analysis. Twenty microliters of sample solution or standard solution were injected into the HPLC system and 254 nm was selected to monitor the separation. A strong linear relationship between the peak area and concentration of Rutin was observed within the range of 0.01044 - 0.2610 mg / mL (
r
2
= 1.0000). The LOD was 0.03915 μg / mL, and recovery of Rutin was from 97.6 to 99.6%. In addition, the method was also validated to be repeatable, stable, precise, and accurate.
Conclusions:
An efficient and reliable RP-HPLC-DAD method was established, which could be used for routine analysis of Rutin in Toonea Sinensis Folium and to assist in the quality control of this herb.
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Effects of H
2
O
2
, paraquat, and ethephon on herbal drug quality of
Schiandra chinensis
based on reactive oxygen species system
p. 54
Meng Xiang-Cai, Yang Guo-Hui, Sun Hui, Yu Dong-Mei, Wang Xi-Jun, Wang Ping, Niu Yi-Min
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93325
Background:
Nowadays, more and more herbal drugs of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) rely on cultivation rather than natural resources because of overexploitation, and the study on quality of cultivated herbal medicines has become a hotspot in the research field of ecology of TCM resources. Though some of molecular biology techniques could improve the contents of secondary metabolites, those chemical compositions may differ from what we require from natural products, resulting in different treatment efficacy.
Objective:
To explore ways and means of improving TCM quality by means of regulating secondary metabolism from the perspective of natural physiological ecology.
Materials and Methods:
H
2
O
2
and paraquat as carriers of ROS, propyl gallate as a ROS scavenger, and ethephon as a ROS inductive agent were sprayed on
Schisandra chinensis
(Turcz.) Baill.
Results:
The hypo-concentration ROS could enhance the activities of POD, PPO, as well as CAT, and propyl gallate acted on the opposite side, but they all failed to break the homeostasis between ROS and oxidase activity and to exert any effect on the contents of the schisandrin, deoxyschizandrin, and schisandrin B. The hypso-concentration ROS could break the homeostasis, reduce the activities of POD, PPO, as well as CAT, and improve the quality of
S. chinensis
fruit. The ethephon could effectively improve the quality of
S. chinensis
without the limitation of metabolic regulation.
Conclusion:
The conclusions accord with the hypothesis that ROS regulates secondary metabolism.
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Cytotoxicity of fucosterol containing fraction of marine algae against breast and colon carcinoma cell line
p. 60
Mahnaz Khanavi, Razieh Gheidarloo, Nargess Sadati, Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani, Seyed Mohammad Bagher Nabavi, Shohreh Tavajohi, Seyed Nasser Ostad
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93327
Context:
Marine algae produce different secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. Many studies have been achieved on the screening of biological effects of marine organisms and a lot of active compounds were isolated and characterized.
Aims:
In an attempt to find cytotoxic compound of hexane fraction, isolation, identification, and cytotoxicity of active compound of this fraction were performed.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, total methanolic (70%) extract and partition fractions of hexane, chloroform (CHCl
3
), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and MeOH-H
2
O of
Sargassum angustifolium
,
Chondria dasyphylla
, and
Ulva flexuosa
, collected from coastlines of the Persian Gulf in south of Iran, were studied against colon carcinoma (HT-29), colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), breast ductal carcinoma (T47D), and Swiss mouse embryo fibroblast (NIH 3T3) cell lines by MTT assay.
Statistical Analysis Used:
IC
50
(median growth inhibitory concentration) values were calculated by Sigmaplot (10) software.
Results:
Hexane fraction of
Chondria dasyphylla
(IC
50
82.26 ± 4.09 μg/ml) and MeOH-H
2
O fraction of
Ulva flexuosa
(IC
50
116.92 ± 8.58 μg/ml) showed cytotoxic activity against proliferation of T47D cells. Hexane fraction of
Sargassum angustifolium
was also observed for cytotoxicity against T47D and HT-29 cell lines (IC
50
166.42 ± 26.7 and 190.24 ± 52.8 μg/ml), respectively. An investigation of a component from the hexane fraction of
Sargassum angustifolium
yielded a steroidal metabolite, fucosterol, with cytotoxicity in T47D and HT29 (IC
50
27.94 ± 9.3 and 70.41 ± 7.5 μg/ml).
Conclusions:
These results indicated that fucosterol, the most abundant phytosterol in brown algae, is responsible for cytotoxic effect of this extract against breast and colon carcinoma cell lines.
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Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of guar gum on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male rats
p. 65
Samarghandian Saeed, Hadjzadeh Mosa-Al-Reza, Amin Nya Fatemeh, Davoodi Saeideh
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93328
Background:
Herbal medicine is widely used in the treatment of diseases like diabetes mellitus. We investigated the effects of guar gum in diabetic rats for the reduction of the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Dietary pattern emphasizing foods high in complex carbohydrates and fiber are associated with low blood glucose and cholesterol levels.
Materials and Methods:
Diet containing 0%, 5%, 10% and 20% (w/w) guar gum was fed to diabetic rats for 28 days. Blood serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, atherogenic index levels, body weights and food intake were monitored at 0, 7.14 and 28 days after induction of diabetes.
Results:
In spite of the fact that diabetes elevated blood lipids in all rats after 14 days, the guar gum diet significantly decreased the serum concentration of cholesterol, triacylglicerols and LDL-C and atherogenic index. The most significant result in this study was the reduction of blood glucose in diabetic rats treated with the guar gum diet after 28 days versus non- and glibenclamide-treated rats. The gum promoted a general improvement in the condition of the diabetic rats in body weight and food intake in comparison with nontreated rats.
Conclusion:
The results of this research suggest that guar gum was significantly effective in comparison with glibenclamide in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in diabetes rats. Therefore, it may be suggested as a reliable fiber in diabetic regimes in diabetic patients.
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Inorganic ions in the medium modify tropane alkaloids and riboflavin output in
Hyoscyamus niger
root cultures
p. 73
Katrin Pudersell, Tõnis Vardja, Rael Vardja, Vallo Matto, Elmar Arak, Ain Raal
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93330
Context:
Hyoscyamus niger
L. (Solanaceae) roots are rich of tropane alkaloids, such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine are used as the source of raw material for the pharmaceutical industry.
Aims:
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of calcium, magnesium, and iron ions on the production of tropane alkaloids and excretion of riboflavin in
H. niger
root cultures.
Materials and Methods:
The calcium, magnesium, or iron enriched/deprived Murashige and Skoog (MS) growth medium were used for culture of
H. niger
root tissues. The secondary metabolites were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) and fluorimetry techniques.
Results:
An increased calcium content in the medium unidirectionally reduced hyoscyamine, while increasing scopolamine production with only a moderate impact on riboflavin excretion. Manipulations with magnesium and iron contents in the medium resulted in divergent changes in hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and riboflavin concentrations.
Conclusions:
Our results show that increased calcium ion content in the Murashige and Skoog medium may be used for the intensification of the scopolamine production in
H. niger
root cultures.
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Clonal propagation of
Phyllanthus amarus
: A hepatoprotector
p. 78
Janifer R Xavier, Ramaswamy Gnanam, Muthiah P Murugan, Anju Pappachan
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.93332
Background:
The micropropagation protocol for
Phyllanthus amarus
, an important medicinal herb used widely for the treatment of hepatitis in ethnomedicinal systems, was standardized with shoot tip and single node explants.
Materials and Methods:
The micropropagation was carried out for the hyperproducing ecotype (phyllanthin content 463.828 ppm; hypophyllanthin content: 75.469 ppm) collected from Aanaikatti, Coimbatore, and grown in mist chamber, CPMB, TNAU. For micropropagation studies, the leaves were trimmed off and the shoot tips (6 mm long) and nodal segments (single node) were used for initiation.
Results:
Shoot tips and single node explants gave a maximum of 6.00 and 7.00 multiple shoots per explant with Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) (1.0mg/L mg/L). Upon subculturing, a shoot length of around 7 cm with an average of eight internodes per shoot was observed after 20 days in the elongation medium supplemented with BAP (0.2 mg/Lmg/L) and Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) (2.0 mg/L). Seven to ten adventitious roots developed when the elongated microshoots were cultured in half strength MS medium with Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) (2.0 mg/Lmg/L) and NAA (1.0 mg/L mg/L) in 15-20 days after transfer. The rooted shoots acclimatized successfully to field conditions.
Conclusion:
A method for successful micropropagation of the valuable medicinal plant was established which will provide a better source for continuous supply of plants for manufacturing drugs.
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