|
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2010 | Volume
: 6
| Issue : 24 | Page : 256-258 |
 |
|
Chemical composition of the essential oils of Rhodiola rosea L. of three different origins
Ljuba Evstatieva1, Milka Todorova2, Daniela Antonova2, Jordanka Staneva2
1 Institute of Botany, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
2 Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.9, Sofia, Bulgaria
| Date of Submission | 02-Mar-2010 |
| Date of Decision | 21-Jun-2010 |
| Date of Web Publication | 20-Oct-2010 |
Correspondence Address:
Milka Todorova
Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.9, 1113 Sofia
Bulgaria
 Source of Support: Ministry of Environment and Water and the National Science Fund (Project 1532), Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.71782
 Abstract | | |
Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae), or "rose root" is a perennial herbaceous plant, distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Pharmacological studies have shown that R. rosea exhibits different biological activities - antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, etc. The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of essential oils from rhizomes of three commercial samples of R. rosea originated from Bulgaria (sample 1), China (sample 2) and India (sample 3). The oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Thus, the main volatile component in the Bulgaria and Chinese R. rosea was geraniol, followed by myrthenol in sample 1 or octanol in sample 2. Phenethylalcohol was a principal constituent in the Indian oil. Myrtenol and octanol were in significant amounts too. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were characteristic of the latter sample. It is notable that cinnamyl alcohol, which was present in large concentration in Bulgarian sample, was not detected in the other two samples. The obtained results showed considerable differences in the composition of the studied three origins of R. rosea. Keywords: Essential oil, geraniol, myrtenol, phenethylalcohol, Rhodiola rosea
How to cite this article:
Evstatieva L, Todorova M, Antonova D, Staneva J. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Rhodiola rosea L. of three different origins. Phcog Mag 2010;6:256-8 |
How to cite this URL:
Evstatieva L, Todorova M, Antonova D, Staneva J. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Rhodiola rosea L. of three different origins. Phcog Mag [serial online] 2010 [cited 2022 Jul 7];6:256-8. Available from: http://www.phcog.com/text.asp?2010/6/24/256/71782 |
| Introduction | |  |
Rhodiola rosea (Crassulaceae), commonly known as "rose roots", or "golden roots," is a perennial herbaceous plant. It is widely spread in the mountain regions of Central and Northern Europe as well as Asia and North America. Rose roots have been used in traditional and modern medicine for the treatment of different diseases. [1] In recent years, root extracts are applied as ingredients of food additives and other commercial pharmaceutical preparations offered all over the world. A great deal of focus has been put on this species and its medical properties with regard to memory and learning, immune response, organ function, cancer therapy, etc. [2],[3],[4],[5],[6] Phytochemical investigation of rose roots has been directed mainly on salidroside, rosin, rosavin, and rosarin. [7],[8] Other important constituents of R. rosea are flavonoids, tannins, gallic acid and its esters, and essential oils. [9] The most detailed results have been reported on essential oil of R. rosea from Norway, [10] Finland [11] and Mongolia. [9]
In the present study three origins of R. rosea are compared in terms of their essential oil composition.
| Material and Methods | | |
Plant material
R. rosea commercial rhizomes imported to Bulgaria from India and China, as well as rhizomes from plants cultivated in Bulgaria, were used for this study.
Preparation of essential oil
Ground rhizomes of each sample were subjected to microdistillation/extraction in Likens-Nickerson apparatus, using diethyl ether as a solvent. The latter was removed and the yield was presented in % w/w.
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography (GC) analysis was carried out on an HP-5890 instrument fitted with HP-5 MS capillary column (30 m Χ 0.25 mm), 0.25 mm film thickness; carrier gas was nitrogen. The injector and detector temperature was 260°C, column temperature was programmed from 50 to 230°C at a rate of 4 o C/min and for 10 min at 230°C. Automatic integration of FID peak areas gave the amount of the components in percentage.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed on an HP 6890 instrument equipped with MS detector, which operated in EI mode. All the conditions were as described for GC analysis but the carrier gas was helium. The oil components were identified by comparison of their mass spectra and retention indices with those published [12] or presented in Willey library.
| Results and Discussion | | |
Dry roots of R. rosea (samples 1, 2, and 3) were found to contain 0.21, 0.10, and 0.25% (w/w %), respectively, of pail yellow oil. GC analysis resulted in identification of 25 [Table 1] individual compounds, at concentration more than 0.20% at least in one of the studied oils. The identified components represent more than 85% of the total oils. Phenethylalcohol (56.22%) was the most abundant in the Indian oil. Myrtenol (10.56%) and 1-octanol (5.30%) were present in significant amounts too. Aliphatic hydrocarbons like nonadecane, heneicosane, docosane tricosane, tetracosane, and pentacosane (14.57%), characteristic of this oil were in lower amount in the oils from Bulgaria and China. Geraniol was the principal volatile component of Chinese (56.97%) and Bulgarian (48.79%) R. rosea, followed by myrtenol (28.05%) in Bulgarian or 1-octanol (12.21%) in Chinese sample. It is notable that cinnamyl alcohol that was present in a large concentration in Bulgarian sample was not detected in the other two samples. Geraniol and phenethylalcohol were identified as main rose like odor compounds. They were the characteristic components of essential oil from Rosa species.
This investigation shows that the main essential oil components in R. rosea from commercial plant material cultivated in Bulgaria and from natural habitats are identical, [13] i.e., its chemical composition is genetically determined. Different chemical composition of oils prepared from commercial plant sources of Bulgarian, Indian and Chinese origin could be due to the fact that they were from different species of genus Rhodiola, or were different chemotypes of R. rosea. On the other hand, Rhichard et al. reported that "Very often products called "Rhodiola spp., Tibetan Rhodiola or Indian Rhodiola" may incorrectly imply equivalence with Rhodiola rosea extract." [3] Thus, the commercial material from Rhodiola has to be explored botanically and phytochemically.
| Acknowledgments | | |
This study was performed with the financial support of the Ministry of Environment and Water and the National Science Fund (Project 1532).
| References | | |
| 1. | Khanum F, Bawa AS, Singh B. Rhodiola rosea: A versatile adaptogen. Compr Rev Food SciFood Saf. 2005;4:55-62.  |
| 2. | Petkov VD, Yonkov D, Mosharoff A, Kambourova T, Alova L, Petkov VV, et al. Effect of alcohol aqueous extract from R. rosea L. roots on learning and memory. Acta Physiol Parmacol Bulg. 1986;12:3-16. |
| 3. | Richard P, Brown MD, Patricia L, Gerbarg M, Ramazanov Z. Rhodiola rosea: A phytomedicinal overview. HerbalGram. 2002;56:40-52. |
| 4. | De Sanctis R, De Bellis R, Scesa C, Mancini U, Cucchiarini L, Dacha M. In vitro protective effect of Rhodiola rosea extract against hypochlorous acid-induced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes. Biofactors. 2004;20:147-59. |
| 5. | Li J, Fan WH, Ao H. Effect of Rhodiola an expression of FLT-1, KDR and Tie-2 in rats with ischemic myocardioum. Zhongguo Zhng. 2005;25:445-8. |
| 6. | Chen Q, Zeng Y, Tang J, Qin Y, Chen S, Zhong Zh. Effect of R. rosea on body weight and intake of sucrose and water in depressive rats induced by chronic mind stress. J Chin Integr Med. 2008;6:952-5. |
| 7. | Tolonen A, Pakonen M, Hohtola A, Jalonen J. Phenylpropanoid glycosides from R. rosea. Chem Pharm Bull. 2003;51:467-70. |
| 8. | Ganzera M, Yayla Y, Khn I. A. Analysis of the marker compounds of R. rosea by reversed fased HPLC. Chem Pharm Bull. 2001;49:465-7. |
| 9. | Shatar S, Adams RP, Koenig W. Comparative study of the Essential oil of R. rosea L. from Mongolia. JEOR. 2007;19:215-7. |
| 10. | Rohloff J. Volatiles from rhizomes of R. rosea L. Phytochemistry 2002;59:655-61. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 11. | Hethelyi EB, Horany K, Galambosi B, Domokos J, Palinkas J. Chemical composition of the essential oil from rhizomes of R. rosea L. grown in Finland. J Essent Oil Res. 2005;17:628-9. |
| 12. | Adams RP. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadropol Massspectrometry. Carol Stream, IL: Allured Publ. Corp; 2001. |
| 13. | Todorova M, Evstatieva L, Platikanov St, Kuleva L. Chemical composition of the essential oil from Bulgarian R. rosea rhizomes. L. J Essent Oil Bearing Plants 2006;9:267-71. |
[Table 1]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Enzymatic Activity of Golden Root (Rhodiola rosea L.) Commercial Samples |
|
| Milena Polumackanycz, Pawel Konieczynski, Ilkay Erdogan Orhan, Nurten Abaci, Agnieszka Viapiana | | Antioxidants. 2022; 11(5): 919 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Traditionelle Nutzung von Arzneimitteln aus Rhodiola rosea (Rosenwurz) |
|
| Dennis Anheyer, Marleen Schröter, Gustav Dobos, Holger Cramer | | Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie. 2021; 42(06): 280 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Myrtenol complexed with ß-cyclodextrin ameliorates behavioural deficits and reduces oxidative stress in the reserpine-induced animal model of Parkinsonism |
|
| Suellen Silva-Martins, Jose Ivo Araújo Beserra-Filho, Amanda Maria-Macędo, Ana Cláudia Custódio-Silva, Beatriz Soares-Silva, Sara Pereira Silva, Rafael Herling Lambertucci, Regina Helena Silva, José Ronaldo Santos, Sathiyabama Rajiv Gandhi, Lucindo José Quintans-Júnior, Alessandra Mussi Ribeiro | | Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2021; 48(11): 1488 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Simultaneous Determination of 78 Compounds of Rhodiola rosea Extract by Supercritical CO2-Extraction and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Spectrometry |
|
| Alexander M. Zakharenko, Mayya P. Razgonova, Konstantin S. Pikula, Kirill S. Golokhvast, Saad Tayyab | | Biochemistry Research International. 2021; 2021: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Quality Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials of Rhodiola Species: A Systematic Review |
|
| Xiuzhu Li, Weijie Chen, Yingqi Xu, Zuanji Liang, Hao Hu, Shengpeng Wang, Yitao Wang, Hongcai Shang | | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2021; 2021: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
EFFECT OF AN EXTRAGENT ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE LIPOPHILIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE EXTRACTS OF RHODIOLA ROSEA L. AND ON THE EXTRACTS ACTIVITY |
|
| Tat'yana Petrovna Kukina, ??????? ?????????? Shcherbakov, Anastasiya Vladimirovna Zybkina, Ivan Aleksandrovich Elshin, Vladislav Olegovich Korsakov, Ol'ga Iosifovna Salnikova, Petr Vladimirovich Kolosov, Tsogtsaykhan Sandag, Dar'ya Aleksandrovna Karakai, Ekaterina Denisovna Mordvinova | | chemistry of plant raw material. 2021; (4): 307 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Myrtenol alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic pregnant rats via TLR4/MyD88/NF-?B signaling pathway |
|
| Liu Xuemei, Shengjie Qiu, Guiying Chen, Mingyuan Liu | | Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2021; 35(11) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
The effects of Rhodiola Rosea supplementation on depression, anxiety and mood – A Systematic Review |
|
| Fanaras Konstantinos, Reinhard Heun | | Global Psychiatry. 2020; 3(1): 72 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Monoterpenes modulating cytokines - A review |
|
| Jullyana S.S. Quintans, Saravanan Shanmugam, Luana Heimfarth, Adriano Antunes S. Araújo, Jackson R.G.da S. Almeida, Laurent Picot, Lucindo J. Quintans-Júnior | | Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2019; 123: 233 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Gas chromatographic-based techniques for the characterization of low molecular weight carbohydrates and phenylalkanoid glycosides of Sedum roseum root supplements |
|
| C. Carrero-Carralero, S. Rodríguez-Sánchez, I. Calvillo, I. Martínez-Castro, A.C. Soria, L. Ramos, M.L. Sanz | | Journal of Chromatography A. 2018; 1570: 116 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Rhodiola rosea L.: from golden root to green cell factories |
|
| Andrey S. Marchev,Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova,Zsuzsanna György,Iman Mirmazloum,Ina Y. Aneva,Milen I. Georgiev | | Phytochemistry Reviews. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Rhodiola plants: Chemistry and biological activity |
|
| Hsiu-Mei Chiang,Hsin-Chun Chen,Chin-Sheng Wu,Po-Yuan Wu,Kuo-Ching Wen | | Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2015; 23(3): 359 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Hydroalcoholic extract of Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) and its hydrolysate inhibit melanogenesis in B16F0 cells by regulating the CREB/MITF/tyrosinase pathway |
|
| Hsiu-Mei Chiang,Yin-Chih Chien,Chieh-Hsi Wu,Yueh-Hsiung Kuo,Wan-Chen Wu,Yu-Yun Pan,Yu-Han Su,Kuo-Ching Wen | | Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2013; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Effects of Rhodiola rosea extract on passive avoidance tests in rats |
|
| Getova, D.P. and Mihaylova, A.S. | | Central European Journal of Medicine. 2013; 8(2): 176-181 | | [Pubmed] | | | 15 |
Effects of Rhodiola rosea extract on passive avoidance tests in rats |
|
| Damianka P. Getova,Anita S. Mihaylova | | Central European Journal of Medicine. 2013; 8(2): 176 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Tyrosinase Inhibitory Effect and Antioxidative Activities of Fermented and Ethanol Extracts of Rhodiola rosea and Lonicera japonica |
|
| Yuh-Shuen Chen,Hua-Chian Liou,Chin-Feng Chan | | The Scientific World Journal. 2013; 2013: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Chemical composition, nutritional value, and antioxidant activities of eight mulberry cultivars from China |
|
| Liang, L. and Wu, X. and Zhu, M. and Zhao, W. and Li, F. and Zou, Y. and Yang, L. | | Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2012; 8(31): 215-224 | | [Pubmed] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
