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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2010 | Volume
: 6
| Issue : 23 | Page : 212-218 |
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Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. leaves
AM Metwally, AA Omar, FM Harraz, SM El Sohafy
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| Date of Submission | 02-Jan-2010 |
| Date of Decision | 23-Jan-2010 |
| Date of Web Publication | 30-Jul-2010 |
Correspondence Address:
S M El Sohafy
El Khartoum Square, Azarita, Faculty of pharmacy, Alexandria
Egypt
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.66939
 Abstract | | |
Psidium guajava L. leaves were subjected to extraction, fractionation and isolation of the flavonoidal compounds. Five flavonoidal compounds were isolated which are quercetin, quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside. Quercetin-3-O-b-D-arabinopyranoside was isolated for the first time from the leaves. Fractions together with the isolates were tested for their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial studies showed good activities for the extracts and the isolated compounds. Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, guava leaves, Psidium guajava L., quercetin glycosides, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-α-D-arabinopyranoside
How to cite this article:
Metwally A M, Omar A A, Harraz F M, El Sohafy S M. Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. leaves. Phcog Mag 2010;6:212-8 |
How to cite this URL:
Metwally A M, Omar A A, Harraz F M, El Sohafy S M. Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. leaves. Phcog Mag [serial online] 2010 [cited 2022 Jun 26];6:212-8. Available from: http://www.phcog.com/text.asp?2010/6/23/212/66939 |
| Introduction | |  |
Psidium guajava L. leaf (family Myrtaceae) has a long history of folk medicinal uses in Egypt and worldwide as a cough sedative, an anti-diarrheic, in the management of hypertension, obesity and in the control of diabetes mellitus. [1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7] The leaf extract was found to possess anticestodal, [8] analgesic, anti-inflammatory properties, [9] antimicrobial [10] hepatoprotective [11] and antioxidant activities. [12] In addition, the leaf extract is used in many pharmaceutical preparations as a cough sedative.
Guava leaf extract contains flavonoids, mainly quercetin derivatives, which are hydrolyzed in the body to give the aglycone quercetin which is responsible for the spasmolytic activity of the leaves. [4] Quercetin has several pharmacologic actions; it inhibits the intestinal movement, reduces capillary permeability in the abdominal cavity [13] and possesses dose-dependent antioxidant properties, [14] anti-inflammatory activity, [15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20],[21] antiviral and antitumor activities. [22],[23],[24],[25],[26],[27] It also inhibits the aldose reductase enzyme. [28] It should be noticed that most of the flavonoidal constituents of guava leaf are quercetin derivatives, namely, quercetin, avicularin, guaijaverin, isoquercetin, hyperin, quercitrin, quercetin 3-O-gentiobioside, quercetin 4′-glucuronoide. [4],[29],[30],[31],[32],[33]
| Materials and Methods | | |
Plant material
P. guajava L. leaf was collected from El tahrir (Alexandria-Cairo desert road) during spring while the fruits are premature. A specimen is deposited in the department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Reference materials
Quercetin, glucose, galactose, l-arabinose and d-arabinose were supplied by E. Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside and quercetin-3-β-D-galactoside were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany).
Solvents
Petroleum ether (40-60ºC), chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, methanol and ethanol were of analytical grade.
Chromatographic requirements
Precoated thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates (silica gel 60F-254) with the adsorbent layer thickness of 0.25 mm (E-Merck), silica gel (Merck) and kieselgel 60, 0.063-0.20 mm for column chromatography (E-Merck) were used.
Special apparatus
Melting points were determined using Sturat SMP heating stage microscope and were uncorrected. UV spectra were obtained on Pye Unicam SP8-100 UV/VIS spectrophotometer and Perkin-Elmer, Lambada 3B UV/VIS spectrophotometer. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses were recorded on JOEL 500 MHz and Bruker Avance 300 MHz spectrometers. Mass spectral analyses were recorded on VG 7070 E-HF.
Extraction, fractionation and isolation
The air-dried powdered P. guajava leaves (1 kg) were exhaustively extracted with 50% ethanol at room temperature. The extract was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure at 60ºC to about 0.5 l and then successively fractionated with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Each extract, as well as the interface formed between the chloroform and aqueous layer, were separately concentrated and freed from solvent. Six fractions were obtained: petroleum ether (0.6 g), chloroform (2.7 g), interface formed between chloroform and aqueous phase (10 g), ethyl acetate (9.7 g), n-butanol (22.8 g) and the remaining aqueous extract (9.5 g).
A portion of the ethyl acetate extract (3.5 g) was chromatographed on a 150-g silica gel column (3.5 cm diameter Χ 30 cm length).
Elution was started with chloroform:ethyl acetate mixture (8:2). Then, the polarity was increased using methanol gradually. Thirty-one fractions of 250 ml in each were collected, screened chromatographically using solvent system chloroform-ethyl acetate-methanol in the ratios (8:2:1) and (8:2:2).
Isolation of material "A"
Fractions 12-15 containing 4-6% methanol showed a major spot of Rf 0.46 [chloroform-ethyl acetate-methanol (8:2:1)] that gave a yellow color with ammonia. It was purified from the other minor spots by repeated crystallization from methanol, yielding yellow crystalline needles (21 mg). Rf 0.86 [ethyl acetate-methanol-water-acetic acid (100:2:1:4 drops)], m.p. 316-318ºC, soluble in methanol, acetone, dilute alkali and gives a canary yellow color with AlCl 3. The UV spectral data, λmax nm, are illustrated in [Table 1]; [M] + m/z 302. 1 H-NMR spectral data (300 MHz, CD 3 COCD 3 ) and 13 C-NMR spectral data (75 MHz, CD 3 COCD 3 ) are shown in [Table 2].
Isolation of material "B"
Fractions 18-20 containing 12-15% methanol showed a major spot of Rf 0.57 [chloroform-ethyl acetate-methanol (8:2:2)] that gave a yellow color with ammonia. It was purified by repeated crystallization (12 mg). Rf 0.55 [ethyl acetate-methanol-water-acetic acid (100:2:1:4 drops)], m.p. 209-211ºC, soluble in methanol, acetone, dilute alkali and gives a canary yellow color with AlCl 3, gives positive molisch's test. The UV spectral data, λmax nm, are illustrated in [Table 1]. 1 H-NMR spectral data (300 MHz CD 3 OH) and 13 C-NMR spectral data (75 MHz, CD 3 OH) are shown in [Table 2]. Long range 1 H- 13 C correlation data as determined by HMBC experiments of flavonoid "B" are shown in [Table 3].
Isolation of materials "C", "D" and "E"
Fractions 23-29 (0.3 g) containing 17.5-20% methanol showed four spots (giving a yellow color with ammonia) of Rf values 0.61, 0.49, 0.4, 0.35 [ethyl acetate-formic acid-acetic acid-water (25:2:2:4)]. It was rechromatographed on 60 g silica gel column (2.5 cm diameter Χ 30 cm length). The column was eluted with chloroform, with increasing concentrations of ethyl acetate (0-50%) and then increasing concentrations of methanol. Fractions 13 (chloroform-ethyl acetate (1:1) containing 4% methanol) was crystallized to give 8 mg. Meanwhile, fraction containing 6% methanol in chloroform-ethyl acetate (1:1) was purified by crystallization to give compound "C" (19 mg).
Material "C": Rf 0.41 [ethyl acetate-methanol-water-acetic acid (100:2:1:4 drops)], m.p. 264-267C, soluble in methanol, acetone, dilute alkali and gives a canary yellow color with AlCl 3, gives positive molisch's test. The UV spectral data, λmax nm, are illustrated in [Table 1]. 1 H-NMR spectral data (300 MHz CD 3 OH) and 13 C-NMR spectral data (75 MHz, CD 3 OH) are shown in [Table 2].
Crystallization of fraction containing 10% methanol in chloroform-ethyl acetate (1:1) yielded a mixture of two compounds which were separated by preparative TLC using ethyl acetate-formic acid-acetic acid-water (25:2:2:4) with double run to give compound "D" (10 mg) and compound "E" (11 mg).
Material "D": Rf 0.31 [ethyl acetate-methanol-water-acetic acid (100:2:1:4 drops)], m.p. 240-243ºC, soluble in methanol, acetone, dilute alkali and gives a canary yellow color with AlCl 3 , gives positive molisch's test.
Material "E": Rf 0.24 [ethyl acetate-methanol-water-acetic acid (100:2:1:4 drops)], m.p. 237-239ºC, soluble in methanol, acetone, dilute alkali and gives a canary yellow color with AlCl 3 , gives positive molisch's test.
Acid hydrolysis of flavonoids "B", "C", "D" and "E"
Three milligrams of each compound was separately dissolved in a mixture of 0.5 ml methanol and 1 ml 2N hydrochloric acid. The solutions were then heated under reflux for 2 h, cooled, diluted with 1 ml water and the aglycones were extracted with ethyl acetate. The aglycones of "B", "C", "D" and "E" were identified to be quercetin by co-chromatography using reference compounds and chromatographic system chloroform-ethyl acetate-methanol (8:2:1). The aqueous solutions were neutralized with 5% Na 2 CO 3 solution and concentrated. The sugar moieties of "B", "C", "D" and "E" were identified by TLC in comparison with authentic reference materials, using chloroform-methanol (6:4) and visualized by methanol/H 2 SO 4 spray reagent. The structures of the isolated compounds are given in [Table 4].
Antimicrobial activity
Antibacterial and antifungal activities were determined using the agar diffusion technique [34] against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), two gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia More Details coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and the fungus Candida albicans (C. albicans). The used organisms are local isolates provided from the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria.
One milliliter of 24-h broth culture of each of the tested organisms was separately inoculated into 100 ml of sterile molten nutrient agar maintained at 45ºC. The inoculated medium was mixed well and poured into sterile 10-cm diameter Petri dish More Detailses, receiving 15 ml. After setting, 10 cups, each of 8 mm diameter, were cut in the agar medium (Oxoid, Cambridge, England). Twelve milligrams of each extract or fraction or 3 mg of each isolate, accurately weighed, was dissolved in 1 ml dimethyl formamide (DMF). The solutions were inserted in the cups and incubated at 37ºC for 24 h. The results of antimicrobial activity are shown in [Table 5] and [Table 6].
| Results and Discussion | | |
The UV spectra of flavonoid "A" [Table 1] in different shift reagents showed the pattern of 5, 7, 3′,4′-tetrahydroxy flavonol aglycone, where the presence of free 5- hydroxy and 3′,4′-ortho dihydroxy groups was deduced from NaOMe spectrum, AlCl 3 and AlCl 3 /HCl spectra, while the presence of a free 7-hydroxy group was found from the NaOAc spectrum. [35] The electron impact-mass spectrometry (EI-MS) of flavonoid "A" illustrated the presence of molecular ion peak [M] + at m/z 302, suggesting the presence of five hydroxyl groups.1 H-NMR spectra [Table 2] showed two meta coupled aromatic protons at δ 6.13 and δ 6.4 (d, J = 2.1 Hz), assigned for H-6 and H-8, respectively, confirming a 5,7-disubstituted ring A. 3′,4′-disubstituted ring B was deduced by the appearance of three protons at δ 7.71 (d, J = 2.15 Hz,), 6.86 (d, J = 8.5 Hz) and 7.57 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.15 Hz) assigned for H-2′, H-5′ and H-6′, respectively. The 13 C-NMR spectrum [Table 2] indicated the presence of 15 signals corresponding to 15 carbons. Thorough study of the homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) and the heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) spectra helped in the full assignment of all protons to their carbon signals. All the spectral data of flavonoid "A" were found to be identical to those reported for quercetin. [31],[36] The identification of the flavonoid was further confirmed by direct comparison with reference sample through mixed melting point (m.m.p.) and co-chromatography.
NMR spectra of flavonoids "B and C" [Table 2] showed similar pattern to those of flavonoid "A", whereas they showed in addition, the appearance of five additional signals in the 13 C-NMR spectra matching those of arabinose, [36],[37] along with the appearance of signals of one sugar moiety in 1 H-NMR spectra. Therefore, flavonoid "A" was probably the flavonol aglycone and flavonoids "B and C" were its arabinosides. These data were further supported by the results of the acid hydolysis through comparison of flavonoid "A" and the aglycones resulting from the acid hydrolysis of flavonoids "B and C" with a reference quercetin sample by co-chromatography. Similarly, the sugar moieties were established to be arabinose by comparison with reference sample.
The anomeric proton of flavonoid "B" was observed at δ 5.48 (1H, br s) with its corresponding carbon atom at δ 107.9, while the anomeric proton of flavonoid "C" was observed at δ 5.17 (1H, d, J = 6.5 Hz) with its corresponding carbon atom at δ 105, indicating that the arabinose moiety possessed α-configuration in flavonoid "B" and 0β-configuration in flavonoid "C". The ring size of the sugar moiety in both flavonoids was deduced from inspection of the chemical shift values for C-1'' and C-4'' where they appeared at δ 107.9 and 86.4 for flavonoid "B" and at δ 105 and 69.5 for flavonoid "C", thus revealing the presence of α-arabinofuranoside and β-arabinopyranoside moieties in flavonoids "B" and "C", respectively. [36],[37]
3-O-glycosylation was confirmed from the study of the HMBC spectrum of flavonoid "B" [Table 3], which showed the correlation between the carbon at δ 133.3 (C-3) and the proton at δ 5.48 (H-1''). 2D HMQC, 2D HMBC and 2D COSY allowed the assignment of all protons to their carbons. Also, the UV absorption of band I at 354.5 and 358 nm (371 nm for quercetin aglycone) indicates the absence of free 3-OH.
From the previous discussion, the structure of flavonoids "B" and "C" could be identified as quercetin-3-O-α-l-arabinofuranoside and quercetin-3-O-β-d-arabinopyranoside, respectively. The observed data were found to be similar to those published for these materials. [36],[37]
It is worth mentioning that this is the first report for the isolation of quercetin-3-O-β-d-arabinopyranoside from the species P. guajava L.
Flavonoids "D" and "E" were identified to be quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-β-d-galactoside through comparison with reference compounds using m.m.p. and co-chromatography using ethyl acetate-formic acid-acetic acid-water (25:2:2:4) as the mobile phase.
The results of antibacterial and antifungal screening [Table 5] and [Table 6] showed that quercetin and its glycosides have strong antibacterial activity against the gram positive S. aureus, and the gram negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa. They also showed antifungal activity against C. albicans. It is worth mentioning that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of quercetin-3-O-β-d-arabinopyranoside and that of quercetin-3-O-α-l-arabinofuranoside glycosides against the tested organisms were even lower than quercetin itself.
All the extracts showed antibacterial and antifungal activities, whereas the chloroformic fraction of the aqueous-alcoholic extract possessed a strong activity against S. aureus.
| Conclusion | | |
The above results revealed that quercetin is the main flavonoidal nucleus of guava glycosides. Meanwhile, the antimicrobial testing showed that the extracts and the isolated compounds possess antibacterial and antifungal activities. These findings explain the folkloric use of the extracts as bactericide, in cough, diarrhea, gargles to relieve oral ulcers and inflamed gums wound.
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[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]
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Comparative Chemical Profiles of the Essential Oils from Different Varieties of Psidium guajava L. |
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Phytochemicals and volatile compounds of peanut red skin extract: simultaneous coloration and in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles for multifunctional viscose fibers |
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Immunomodulatory potential of extracts, fractions and pure compounds from Phyllanthus amarus and Psidium guajava on striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) head kidney leukocytes |
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Chemical constituents of Ficus consociata
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Green and Sustainable Encapsulation of Guava Leaf Extracts (Psidium guajava L.) into Alginate/Starch Microcapsules for Multifunctional Finish over Cotton Gauze |
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Discovery of a-l-arabinopyranosidases from human gut microbiome expands the diversity within glycoside hydrolase family 42 |
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Cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of eight compounds isolated from Entada abyssinica (Fabaceae) |
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Quercetin impregnated chitosan–fibrin composite scaffolds as potential wound dressing materials — Fabrication, characterization and in vivo analysis |
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Psidium guajava L. and Psidium brownianum Mart ex DC. potentiate the effect of antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
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The response of fish to immunostimulant diets |
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Oreochromis mossambicus diet supplementation with Psidium guajava leaf extracts enhance growth, immune, antioxidant response and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila |
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Effect of walnut green husk addition on some quality properties of cooked sausages |
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Ethnomedical and ethnobotanical investigations on the response capacities of Guinean traditional health practioners in the management of outbreaks of infectious diseases: The case of the Ebola virus epidemic |
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Identification of novel scaffolds for potential anti-Helicobacter pylori agents based on the crystal structure of H. pylori 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate synthase (HpKDO8PS) |
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Chemical Characterization and in Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Myrcianthes hallii (O. Berg) McVaugh (Myrtaceae), a Traditional Plant Growing in Ecuador |
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A Comparative Evaluation of Microwave and Conventional Soxhlet Extraction Methods for the Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Potentials of Jordanian Psidium guajava Raw Fruit Peel Extracts |
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Phytochemicals of papaya and its traditional health and culinary uses – A review |
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Flavonoid fraction of guava leaf extract attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response via blocking of NF-?B signalling pathway in Labeo rohita macrophages |
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Ethnopharmacological analysis of medicinal plants and animals used in the treatment and management of pain in Mauritius |
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Guava Leaf Extract Inhibits Quorum-Sensing and Chromobacterium violaceum Induced Lysis of Human Hepatoma Cells: Whole Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differential Gene Expression |
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Dyeing and Color Fastness of Natural Dye fromPsidium guajuvaon Silk |
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Preparative Isolation and Purification of Five Flavonoid Glycosides and One Benzophenone Galloyl Glycoside from Psidium guajava by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography (HSCCC) |
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Bioactivity determination of methanol and water extracts for roots and leaves of Kenyan Psidium guajava L landraces against pathogenic bacteria |
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Phenolic content of Ruprechtia salicifolia leaf and its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antibacterial activity |
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Ecological phytochemistry of Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) plants |
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Phytochemical and biological investigation of leaf extracts of Podocarpus gracilior and Ruprechtia polystachya resulted in isolation of novel polyphenolic compound |
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| Basha, S.K. and Kumari, V.S. | | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2012; 2(SUPPL.1): S98-S100 | | [Pubmed] | | | 49 |
Comparative in vitro antimicrobial and phytochemical evaluation of methanolic extract of root, stem and leaf of Jatropha curcas linn |
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In vitro antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activity of 33 ethonopharmacologically selected medicinal plants from Democratic Republic of Congo |
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Antioxidant activities of isolated compounds from stems of Mimosa invisa Mart. ex Colla |
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2012-Another successful new year for Pharmacogn Mag. |
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| Mueen Ahmed, K.K. | | Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2012; 8(29): 1-3 | | [Pubmed] | | | 53 |
In vitro antidiabetic activity of psidium guajava leaves extracts |
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Comparative in vitro Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Evaluation of Methanolic Extract of Root, Stem and Leaf of Jatropha curcas Linn |
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Identification of a Bioactive Compound from Myrcianthes cysplatensis |
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Identification of a bioactive compound from Myrcianthes cysplatensis |
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Ethnomedicinal plant knowledge and practice of people of Javadhu hills in Tamilnadu |
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Monograph of Psidium guajava L. leaves |
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| Metwally, A.M., Omar, A.A., Ghazy, N.M., Harraz, F.M., El Sohafy, S.M. | | Pharmacognosy Journal. 2011; 3(21): 89-104 | | [Pubmed] | | | 59 |
Assessment of antifungal activity of Rumex vesicarius L. and Ziziphus Spina-christi (L.) Willd. Extracts against two phytopathogenic fungi |
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| Abu-Taleb, A.M., El-Deeb, K., Al-Otibi, F.O. | | African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2011; 5(9): 1001-1011 | | [Pubmed] | | | 60 |
In vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic leaf extract of Psidium guajava L. |
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| Dhiman, A., Nanda, A., Ahmad, S., Narasimhan, B. | | Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 2011; 3(2): 226-229 | | [Pubmed] | | | 61 |
Ethnomedicinal plant knowledge and practice of people of Javadhu hills in Tamilnadu |
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